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was a province of Japan in the area of northern Hyōgo Prefecture.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). " Tajima" in . Tajima bordered on Tango Province and Tanba Province to the east, Harima Province to the south, and Inaba Province to the west. Its abbreviated form name was . In terms of the Gokishichidō system, Tajimao was one of the provinces of the San'indō circuit. Under the Engishiki classification system, Tajima was ranked as one of the "superior countries" (上国) in terms of importance, and one of the "near countries" (近国) in terms of distance from the capital. The provincial capital was located in what is now the city of Toyooka. The ichinomiya of the province is the Izushi Shrine also located in Toyooka. The area of the province was 2099.01 square kilometers.
The "Wamyō Ruijushō" states that the kokufu was located in Keta District, possibly in the Izucho neighborhood of Toyooka city, but the precise location is uncertain. According to "Nihon Koki", the capital was related to a place called "Kodago", also in Keta District in the year 804. This appears to correspond the Nyogamori site which has been excavated near the former Hidaka town hall, which is also part of Toyooka city. The site of the Tajima Kokubun-ji (also in Toyooka) is known, and is a National Historic Site. The Engishiki records of 927 lists ten major and 106 minor , with Izushi Shrine and Awaga-jinja vying for the title of the ichinomiya of the province. "Nationwide List of Ichinomiya", p. 2.; retrieved 2011-08-10
During the early Muromachi period, the Yamana clan were shugo of Tajima province and constructed Konosumiyama Castle as their stronghold. They were later defeated by the forces of Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
The Yamana clan, formerly rulers of 11 provinces had been reduced in status the Battle of Sekigahara to a small hatamoto holding of 6700 koku in Shitsumi district. Yamana Toyokuni was allowed to construct a jin'ya and although it was a poor territory, his descendants opened mines, new rice fields, fostered raising cattle and gradually raided their revenues until 1868, when the reached the 11,000 koku level and were allowed to become daimyō by the new Meiji government. However, the title was abolished only a few months later, and the Yamana served as imperial governors of "Muraoka Prefecture" until the abolition of the han system in 1871. The final ruler, Yamana Yoshimichi, was ennobled with the kazoku title of baron ( danshaku).
| + Bakumatsu period domains |
| 70,000 koku |
| 20,000 koku |
| 10,000 koku |
| + Districts of Tajima Province |
| Asago |
| Yabu, part of Asago |
| Shin'onsen, part of Kami, Hyōgo |
| part of Kami, small part of Yabu |
| part of Toyooka |
| part of Toyooka |
| part of Kami, part of Toyooka |
| part of Toyooka |
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